I know grain sacks went from cloth to paper during or not long after WWII. I think that was also the timeframe of the main shift from wood boxes/crates/barrels to cardboard boxes and drums for dry materials.
As Micheal mentioned, it's typically metamorphic rocks (I'm learning this as I go along, I'm no geologist or rockhound!), but for the area I'm modelling, the provincial government has a database of mineral finds, and the rock they're in. For example:
Thanks Wallace! I'd seen a history on Hague, but it didn't shipping to the refinery at Ticonderoga.
quote:
Originally posted by Empire of the Air
Marcus,
There is a short mention of graphite mining and shipping (with one photo) in New York in the Summer 1990 Society for Industrial Archaeology newsletter on page 10:
There is a short mention of graphite mining and shipping (with one photo) in New York in the Summer 1990 Society for Industrial Archaeology newsletter on page 10:
Thanks Bernd, I hadn't seen that particular site, but others with similar information.
It's interesting to me that the photographs from the era focus on the mining itself and the structures associated with it, but you don't typically see anything showing the end result. Maybe too boring or too active for the cameras of the day?
But I think graphite comes out of the ground pretty much 'good to go'.
In North America, most of the graphite is in various ores, with varying grades of quality.
The two reasons the graphite industry went bust in the '20s was that the lodes in Madagascar were almost as you describe, and the technology for refining the lower-grade NA ores didn't really emerge until the '40s.
Some of the larger mills would receive ore from smaller mines (often just small open-pits) and process it. Some smaller mills would crush the ore but not be able to process the graphite, and so again would be shipped (likely in open cars). But the finished product produced by a full mill is ultimately a fine powder, which wouldn't lend itself to shipping in open cars.
But I think graphite comes out of the ground pretty much 'good to go'. Sacks or barrels makes sense to me.
So that's boxcars in and boxcars out. But 'barrels in' would be a good excuse to run a large barrel car like those Knabb cars that Ye Olde Huff and Puff offered.
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